Ultra-processed foods increase risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: New study

According to a new study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, a higher intake of ultra-processed foods is linked to higher risks for CVD and all-cause mortality. “The analysis included 41,070 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018), 208,051 adults from the UK Biobank database (2006-2010) and 108,714 adults from the United States in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (1993-2001). The researchers collected dietary data from questionnaires and used the NOVA system to classify foods based on their level of processing.”

The researchers “found that higher intake of ultra-processed foods was linked to a higher risk for CVD mortality and all-cause mortality, and several metabolic pathways played mediating roles.” “[T]hose with the highest intake of ultra-processed foods experienced a 17% increase in CVD mortality and a 16% increase in all-cause mortality compared with those who had the lowest intake.”

The researchers “also found that biomarkers of inflammation had the most significant mediating effects on CVD mortality (29.2%) and biomarkers of liver function had the most significant mediating effects on all-cause mortality (20.3%).”

“The proportion of the associations mediated by biological pathways of renal function, liver function, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism ranged from 12.4% to 20.3% for all-cause mortality and 18% to 29.2% for CVD mortality,” they wrote.

“It is worth mentioning that the mediation effect of liver function biomarkers in the association of [ultra-processed food] consumption and mortality was proposed for the first time, an association which is supported by previously studied links of [ultra-processed food] consumption with higher levels of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related biomarkers and increased risk of NAFLD.”

However, in this study, consumption of ultra-processed foods was not linked to cancer mortality risk.

This finding is in contrast to recent findings from a meta-analysis and systematic review that evaluated the association of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk published in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition. These authors reported that: “high UPFs consumption is associated with a significantly increased risk of certain site-specific cancers, especially the digestive tract and some hormone-related cancers. However, further rigorously designed prospective and experimental studies are needed to better understand causal pathways.” (Lian et al., 2023).

Another meta-analysis published in 2023 in the journal Clinical Nutrition that evaluated associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk concluded the following: “the available suggestive evidence shows a consistent significant association between intake of UPF and the risk of overall and several cancers, including colorectal-, breast- and pancreatic cancer. These data may inform updated dietary guidelines, policy makers and the public towards improving public health.” (Isaksen et al., 2023)

Finally, a European study that was part of the EPIC cohort study and published in the journal Lancet Planetary Health this year found that, the substitution of 10% of ultra-processed foods with 10% of minimally processed food was associated with a reduced risk of head and neck cancers, colon cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma (i.e., malignant hepatoma or liver cancer). “Most of these associations remained significant when models were additionally adjusted for BMI, alcohol and dietary intake and quality.” (Kliemann et al., 2023)

With regard to the new findings by Zhao et al. (2023) published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine (AJPM), Farzaneh Daghigh, PhD, Professor of biochemistry, Director of culinary medicine course, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine observes that:

“These findings corroborate the existing epidemiological evidence regarding the detrimental impact of ultra-processed foods on health, especially concerning mortality and the risk of cardiovascular disease. This article is part of a growing body of literature that has consistently warned the public about the connection between ultra-processed food consumption and the development of noncommunicable diseases.

The substitution of ultra-processed foods with unprocessed or minimally processed foods has been linked to a notable reduction in mortality risk, underscoring its pivotal role in public health strategies. This highlights the pressing need for the development of fresh nutritional policies and guidelines aimed at curbing ultra-processed food intake while promoting the consumption of healthier, less processed and whole foods. Prioritizing unprocessed foods in dietary choices is imperative in order to alleviate the financial and health care burden associated with preventable diseases.”

If you have not read the book: Ultra-Processed People: The Science Behind Food That Is Not Food (2023) by Chris van Tulleken, MD, check it out at:

https://books.google.com.co/books/about/Ultra_Processed_People_The_Science_Behin.html?id=fgaUEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

To learn more about what individual countries around the world are doing to promote healthful food systems, including the use of fiscal policies (e.g., front of package nutrient warning labelling and food taxes), see: The Global Food Research Program, which works to reduce diet-related disparities and create more healthful food systems and food environments.

Global Food Research Program, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill: Global Map on Healthful Food Policies/Regulations

https://www.globalfoodresearchprogram.org/

References

Zhao Y, Chen W, Li J, Yi J, Song X, Ni Y, Zhu S, Zhang Z, Xia L, Zhang J, Yang S, Ni J, Lu H, Wang Z, Nie S, Liu L. Ultra-processed food consumption and mortality: three cohort studies in the United States and United Kingdom. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2023; S0749-3797(23)00351-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.09.005.

Bascom E. Study shows link between ultraprocessed foods and mortality risk. Healo Primary Care. September 20, 2023. Available at: https://www.healio.com/news/primary-care/20230920/study-shows-link-between-ultraprocessed-foods-and-mortality-risk


Lian Y, Wang G-P, Chen G-Q, et al. Association between ultra-processed foods and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023; 10: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1175994


Isaksen IM, Dankel SN. Ultra-processed food consumption and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. 2023;42(6):919-928. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.03.018


Kliemann N, Rauber F, Bertazzi Levy R, et al. Food processing and cancer risk in Europe: results from the prospective EPIC cohort study. Lancet Planetary Health. 2023;7(3):e219-e232. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00021-9.

U.N. climate warning also comes with clear steps to cut GHG emissions: Equitable shifts to healthy sustainable diets and halving food waste

“The United Nations’ new “progress report” on climate change confirms the world is careening deeper into the danger zone. The fires, droughts, floods, storms, and other extreme weather that have taken so many lives and livelihoods this year underscore the mountain of evidence about the dangers of a warming world. And yet somehow, we are still letting the planet burn.

Nearly eight years ago, hope was running high as representatives from over 195 countries gathered in the City of Light and hammered out a landmark pact to stave off the worst consequences of climate change. The Paris Agreement is as sweeping as it is historic, aiming to rapidly curb planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to a dangerously overheating world, and ensure that all countries have the financial resources they need to tackle the climate crisis head on.

On Sept. 8, the U.N. delivered its first accountability report: a full catalog of actions countries have taken since Paris, known as the Global Stocktake synthesis report. The findings are sobering but also enlightening. The report makes clear that we’re past the point of needing incremental change, but it is also straightforward about what solutions offer the most hope. Most importantly, the report gives us the keys to unlock the transformation needed for countries to keep the promises they made in Paris.

The report warns that we have a rapidly narrowing window to meet the goal set in the Paris Agreement’s of pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial temperatures. If we do not take drastic action to avoid soaring beyond this target, the cost of climate disasters we are already seeing today will exponentially increase. And some of the destruction will be irreversible—we could, for example, risk losing the Amazon rainforest and destroying the livelihoods of 47 million people who depend on it.

The good news is we know how to avoid this fate. Four critical areas need urgent attention: fossil fuels, resilience, food, and finance….”

With this information in mind, “we need to focus on how the world produces and consumes food. This is not only vital to building resilience, but also critical for reducing emissions, stopping deforestation, protecting livelihoods and ensuring food security for a growing population.”

“Countries must agree to reduce greenhouse emissions from agricultural production by 25% by 2030 from 2020 levels in order to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C. Countries should also halve food waste by 2030, and equitably shift to more healthy and sustainable diets, which can mitigate a fifth of global emissions. And they must follow through on their commitments to halt deforestation, as 145 countries agreed to under the Glasgow Forests Declaration in 2021.”

For more information on how to combat climate change, including in the food and agriculture sectors, see the big “10 Take Aways” from the 2023 IPCC Report as summarized by the World Resources Institute (WRI):

10 Big Findings from the 2023 IPCC Report on Climate Change

https://www.wri.org/insights/2023-ipcc-ar6-synthesis-report-climate-change-findings?fbclid=IwAR0dNO0En-Io8L6ME1wNlq0sS05QV9DNtm6VEhR6o3YtDWo3GmzEoFrcoKQ

Shifting to Healthy Sustainable Diets and Reducing Food Waste

Finally, if you are looking for ways to implement food-related climate change action, be sure to check out the cookbook by Chef Alejandra Schrader: “The Low-Carbon Cookbook: Reduce Food Waste & Combat Climate Change With 140 Sustainable Plant-Based Recipes.”

https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=31120087498&cm_sp=rec-_-pd_hw_i_1-_-bdp&ref_=pd_hw_i_1

Reference

Despugta A. U.N. climate warning also comes with clear steps to cut emissions. Time Magazine. September 8, 2023. Available at: https://time.com/6312381/un-climate-warning-offers-solutions/

Plant-based food alternatives could support a shift to global sustainability: New research

According to a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, “Replacing 50% of meat and milk products with plant-based alternatives by 2050 can reduce agriculture and land use related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 31% and halt the degradation of forest and natural land.” (Kozicka et al., 2023)

The authors note that, “additional climate and biodiversity benefits could accrue from reforesting land spared from livestock production when meat and milk products are substituted by plant-based alternatives, more than doubling the climate benefits and halving future declines of ecosystem integrity by 2050. The restored area could contribute up to 25% of the estimated global land restoration needs under Target 2 of the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework by 2030.”

“Understanding the impacts of dietary shifts expands our options for reducing GHG emissions. Shifting diets could also yield huge improvements for biodiversity,” notes study lead author Marta Kozicka, a researcher in the IIASA Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program.

“Plant-based meats are not just a novel food product, but a critical opportunity for achieving food security and climate goals while also achieving health and biodiversity objectives worldwide. Yet, such transitions are challenging and require a range of technological innovations and policy interventions,” adds study coauthor Eva Wollenberg from Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT and the Gund Institute, University of Vermont.

“The authors developed scenarios of dietary changes based on plant-based recipes for beef, pork, chicken, and milk. The recipes were designed to be nutritionally equivalent to the original animal-derived protein products and realistic for the existing food manufacturing capabilities and globally available production ingredients.” (See Figure 1)

Figure 1. The substitution in the scenarios of plant-based market development is defined along six dimensions: 1) regional scope (13 regions), 2) meat product (i.e., pork, chicken, milk, & beef), 3) recipe type (e.g., soy, pea, nut, etc.), 4) scenario substitution rate (10-19%), 5) international or domestic sourcing of ingredients, and 6) efficiency of converting crops into processed products. (Kozicka et al., 2023)

“The authors found that a 50% substitution scenario would substantially reduce the mounting impacts of food systems on the natural environment by 2050 compared to the reference scenario. The impacts as compared to 2020 include:

  • Global agricultural area declines by 12% instead of expanding.
  • The decline in areas of forest and other natural land is almost completely halted.
  • Nitrogen inputs to cropland are nearly half of the projections.
  • Water use declines by 10% instead of increasing.
  • Without accounting for any carbon sequestration on spared land, GHG emissions could decline by 2.1 Gt CO2eq year-1 (31%) in 2050 (1.6 Gt CO2eq year-1 on average in 2020–2050).
  • Undernourishment globally declines to 3.6%, as compared to 3.8% in the reference scenario (reducing the number of undernourished people by 31 million).”

The full environmental benefit of diet shifts can be achieved if the agricultural land spared from livestock and feed production is restored through biodiversity-minded afforestation. In the 50% scenario, the benefits from reduced land-use emissions could double as compared to a scenario without afforestation – a total reduction of 6.3 Gt CO2eq year-1. At 90% substitution, the reduction of all agriculture and land-use emissions would increase to 11.1 Gt CO2eq year-1 in 2050. (Kozicka et al., 2023)

The restoration of forest ecosystems would also improve biodiversity. The 50% scenario would reduce predicted declines in ecosystem integrity by more than half, while the 90% scenario could reverse biodiversity loss between 2030 and 2040.

“While the analyzed dietary shifts serve as a powerful enabler for reaching climate and biodiversity goals, they must be accompanied by targeted production side policies to deliver their full potential. Otherwise, these benefits will be partly lost due to production extensification and resulting GHG and land-use efficiency losses,” explains IIASA Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program Director Petr Havlík, who coordinated the study.

The study points out that impacts across regions could differ due to differences in population size and diets, unequal agricultural productivity, and participation in international trade of agricultural commodities. The main impacts on agricultural input use are in China and on environmental outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. These regional differences could also be used to design better interventions.

“A global introduction of all novel alternatives has additional benefits compared to the scenarios with limited product or geographical scope, but regional substitution of specific products may be highly effective, especially if combined with regional strategies and purposeful selection of recipes,” Kozicka explains.

While the results support the increased use of plant-based meat substitutes, the authors recognize that livestock are a valuable source of income and nourishment for smallholders in low- and middle-income countries, and have significant cultural roles, reduce risk, and diversify smallholder income. Simultaneously, climate change threatens the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Rapid policy and management action to avoid environmental risk and support farmers and other livestock value chain actors for a socially just and sustainable food system transition will therefore be crucial. This is particularly important considering recent setbacks to achieving food security globally.’ (Kozicka et al., 2023)

Lower nutritional quality in selected vegetarian meat substitutes: Research from Sweden

One of the caveats of plant-based meat alternatives from a health perspective was pointed out in a recent Swedish study published in the journal Nutrients. The study was conducted by scientists at the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden (Mayer Labba et al., 2022).

These researchers found that many of the meat substitutes sold in Sweden claim a high content of iron — but in a form that cannot be absorbed by the body.

A research team in the Division of Food and Nutrition Science at Chalmers University of Technology analyzed 44 different meat substitutes sold in Sweden. These products are mainly manufactured from soy and pea protein, but also include the fermented soy product tempeh and mycoproteins, that is, proteins from fungi.

Among the products studied, the researchers saw a wide variation in nutritional content and how sustainable they can be from a health perspective. In general, the estimated absorption of iron and zinc from the products was very low. This is because these meat substitutes contained high levels of phytates, antinutrients that inhibit the absorption of minerals in the body,’ says Cecilia Mayer Labba, the study’s lead author.

Phytates are found naturally in beans and cereals — they accumulate when proteins are extracted for use in meat substitutes. In the gastrointestinal tract, where mineral absorption takes place, phytates form insoluble compounds with essential dietary minerals, especially non-heme iron (iron found in plant foods) and zinc, which means that they cannot be absorbed in the intestine.

When it comes to minerals in meat substitutes, the amount that is available for absorption by the body is an important consideration. One needs to look beyond the list of ingredients. Some of the products studied in Sweden were fortified with iron but it is still inhibited by phytates. Ann-Sofie Sandberg, Professor of Food and Nutrition Science at Chalmers and co-author of the study, argues that making nutrition claims allowable on only those nutrients that can be absorbed by the body could create incentives for the industry to improve those products. (Chalmers University of Technology, 2022)

The food industry needs new methods

In the Swedish study, “Tempeh, made from fermented soybeans, differed from the other meat substitutes in the amount of iron available for absorption by the body. This was expected, as the fermentation of tempeh uses microorganisms that break down phytates. Mycoproteins stood out for their high zinc content, without containing any known absorption inhibitors. However, according to the researchers, it is still unclear how well our intestines can break down the cell walls of mycoprotein and how this in turn affects the absorption of nutrients.

‘Plant-based food is important for the transition to sustainable food production, and there is huge development potential for plant-based meat substitutes. The food industry needs to think about the nutritional value of these products and to utilize and optimize known process techniques such as fermentation, but also develop new methods to increase the absorption of various important nutrients,’ says Cecilia Mayer Labba. (Chalmers University of Technology, 2022)

Production of plant proteins

  • Most existing plant-based protein products on the market are based on protein extracted from a cultivated plant, such as soybeans, and separated from the plant’s other components.
  • The protein is then subjected to high pressure and temperature, which restructures the proteins, known as *texturization, so that a product can be achieved that is meatier and chewier in combination with other ingredients.
  • Chalmers’ study shows that the nutritional value of meat substitutes available today is often deficient depending on the choice of raw material (often imported soy) and processing conditions (content of anti-nutrients), and on additives (fat quality and salt).
  • A meal containing 150 grams of meat substitutes contributes up to 60 per cent of the maximum recommended daily intake of salt, which according to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations is 6 grams. (Chalmers University of Technology, 2022)

Are Plant-Based Meat Substitutes Healthy and Environmentally Sustainable?

For more on the pros and cons of consuming plant-based meat substitutes, see these easy-to-read articles. They are written and reviewed by registered dietitians (RDs)/registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs):

Are Plant-Based Meat Substitutes Healthy? What You Need to Know (March 20, 2023)

https://www.bhg.com/recipes/healthy/eating/is-plant-based-meat-healthy/

We Tried the Impossible Burger: A Dietitian’s View (September 15, 2022)

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/impossible-burger

References:

Kozicka, M., Havlík, P., Valin, H., Wollenberg, E., Deppermann, A., Leclère, D., Lauri, P., Moses, R., Boere, E., Frank, S., Davis, C., Park, E., Gurwick, N. (2023). Feeding climate and biodiversity goals with novel plant-based meat and milk alternatives. Nature Communications DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40899-2

Plant-based food alternatives could support a shift to global sustainability. EurekAlert! AAAS. September 12, 2023. Available at: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1001106?fbclid=IwAR1cpBvGPzESm9RBQwd0qI96RSft-nLahUiOALzzBeD4LG0jR7-AcS1cV9s

Osmanski S. Is the Impossible Burger Healthy? Here’s How It Compares to Beef. Green Matters. August 3, 2023. Available at: https://www.greenmatters.com/p/is-impossible-burger-healthy.

Fernando D. How the Fat Content 0f Impossible Burgers Compares to Real Beef. Tasting Table. June 25, 2023. Available at: https://www.tastingtable.com/1320675/how-fat-content-impossible-burgers-compares-real-beef/

Mayer Labba, I.-C., Steinhausen, H., Almius, L., Bach Knudsen, K.E., Sandberg, A.-S. Nutritional Composition and Estimated Iron and Zinc Bioavailability of Meat Substitutes Available on the Swedish Market. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3903. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193903

Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Low nutritional quality in many vegetarian meat substitutes. Science Daily News. December 8, 2022. Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/12/221208085718.htm

Osmanski S. Impossible Foods reformulates to have less fat than beef. Food Dive. August 30, 2022. Available at: https://www.fooddive.com/news/impossible-foods-reformulates-less-fat-than-beef/630756/

The World Central Kitchen Cookbook: Feeding Humanity, Feeding Hope

The World Center Kitchen (WCK) will release its first ever cookbook titled, “The World Central Kitchen Cookbook: Feeding Humanity, Feeding Hope,” (September 12, 2023) featuring recipes inspired by many of the places their Relief Team has cooked following disasters and other crises around the world, as well as sharing inspiring narratives from the chefs, volunteers, and communities they’ve met along the way.  WCK has numerous important programs including emergency food relief, a climate-related humanitarian response program & Chef Corps, a global network of culinary leaders. Learn more at: http://wck.org.

“Each chapter in Feeding Humanity, Feeding Hope reflects a World Central Kitchen value. “Urgency” focuses on food that can be eaten on the go, including the Lahmajoun Flatbread served after a devastating explosion rocked Beirut in 2020. In “Hope,” you’ll find soups, stews, and comforting meals like Ukrainian Borsch served to families living through an unthinkable invasion and Chicken Chili Verde prepared for firefighters on the frontlines in California.”

Incredible WCK supporters have shared recipes too, like Breakfast Tacos from Michelle Obama and a Lemon Olive Oil Cake from Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex. Other contributors who have continually championed WCK’s work include Marcus Samuelsson, Ayesha Curry, Reem Assil, Brooke Williamson, Emeril Lagasse, Tyler Florence, Guy Fieri, Sanjeev Kapoor, and Eric Adjepong.

The World Central Kitchen Cookbook: Feeding Humanity, Feeding Hope is full of recipes created for home kitchens and inspirational stories from chefs and local cooks who have fed millions of people impacted by disasters around the world. These recipes and experiences highlight resilience, community, and above all, hope.

You can pre-order The World Central Kitchen Cookbook now, and it will be available on September 12. With your pre-order purchase, you are eligible to receive an advanced taste—five recipes, including three bonus dishes not included in the cookbook! To receive your bonus recipe bundle, please submit your preorder receipt here.”

All author proceeds from the book will support WCK’s emergency response efforts.

Having big meat-eaters reduce their meat consumption is the equivalent of taking 8 million cars off the road: Study

A recent study published in the journal Nature Food found that big meat-eaters in the United Kingdom (UK) reducing their meat consumption would be the equivalent of taking 8 million cars off the road.

Prof Scarborough, who is part of the Livestock Environment And People (LEAP) project surveyed 55,000 people who were divided into big meat-eaters, who ate more than 100g of meat a day, which equates to a big burger, low meat-eaters, whose daily intake was 50g or less, approximately a couple of chipolata sausages, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans.

While it is well-established that producing meat has a bigger environmental footprint than plant-based food, it has never been calculated in such detail before.  “What makes this assessment different is that it takes real people’s diets and is based on the various production methods we have at the moment,” said Professor Susan Jebb, head of the Food Standards Agency and a world leading nutrition scientist at Oxford University, who was not involved in the research.

“The researchers have assessed at a much more granular level than has been done before the environmental footprint of what they are eating.” Their research shows that a big meat-eater’s diet produces an average of 10.24 kg of planet-warming greenhouse gases each day. A low meat-eater produces almost half that at 5.37 kg per day. And for vegan diets – it’s halved again to 2.47 kg a day.

Based on these data, authors concluded that: “[T]here is a strong relationship between the amount of animal-based foods in a diet and its environmental impact, including GHG emissions, land use, water use, eutrophication and biodiversity. Dietary shifts away from animal-based foods can make a substantial contribution to reduction of the UK environmental footprint.”


The authors of the UK study further noted that, “Uncertainty due to region of origin and methods of food production do not obscure these differences between diet groups and should not be a barrier to policy action aimed at reducing animal-based food consumption.”

Elsewhere it has been argued that reductions in emissions from livestock on the supply side through use of seaweed feeds might not reduce the sector’s overall carbon footprint if meat-eating continues to increase.” (Nature, Editorial, August 24, 2023).

A new US-based study published in journal Nutrients found that: “Disproportionate beef diets were consumed by 12% of individuals [based on NHANES data], but accounted for half of all beef consumed. Males were more likely than females (p < 0.001) to consume these diets… Older adults, college graduates, and those who looked up the MyPlate educational campaign online were less likely (p < 0.01) to consume a disproportionate beef diet. While almost one-third of reported consumption came from cuts of beef (e.g., steak or brisket), six of the top ten beef sources were mixed dishes: burgers, meat mixed dishes, burritos and tacos, frankfurters, soups, and pasta. Efforts to address climate change through diet modification could benefit from targeting campaigns to the highest consumers of beef, as their consumption accounts for half of all beef consumed” (Willits-Smith et al., 2023).

To add more plant-based meals in your diet, here are some simple, nutritious and meatless recipes from Stephanie Sacks, a culinary nutritionist:

Simple, nutritious, and delicious meatless recipes

https://www.ewg.org/consumer-guides/simple-nutritious-and-delicious-meatless-recipes

Savory Lentil Sloppy Joe

Note: I have made this recipe omitting the ghee (first ingredient) and it was still excellent!

References

Scarborough, P., Clark, M., Cobiac, L. et al. Vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters in the UK show discrepant environmental impacts. Nature Food 2023, 4, 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00795-w.

Singh V. Reducing meat consumption equivalent to taking 8mn cars off road: Study. WION. July 21, 2023. Available at: https://www.wionews.com/science/reducing-meat-consumption-equivalent-to-taking-8mn-cars-off-road-study-618090

Ghosh P. Eating less meat ‘like taking 8m cars off road.’ BBC News. July 20, 2023. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66238584

Buy one, get one free does not work for the planet. Tackle ever-growing consumption to safeguard sustainability gains. (editorial). Nature. 2023, 620. August 24, 2023. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02596-4

Willits-Smith, A, Odinga, H, O’Malley, K, Rose, D. Demographic and socioeconomic correlates of disproportionate beef consumption among US adults in an age of global warming. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173795


Agroecology as a transformative approach to tackle climatic, food, and ecosystem crises: New review

A new review paper published in the journal Innovations in Environmental Sustainability outlines how agroecology can be used to tackle climatic, food, and ecosystem crises. “Agroecology has been proposed as a transformative approach to climate change mitigation and adaptation that reduces climate risk while supporting long-term productivity and resilience of food systems by applying ecological and humanistic principles.” It is a holistic systems approach to producing food, which incorporates social, economic, and political dimensions.

“Agroecological practices include landscape and farm diversification, intercropping, crop and pasture rotation, adding organic amendments, cover crops, and minimizing or avoiding synthetic inputs. Social dimensions of agroecology include co-creation of knowledge with farmers, participatory processes, nonwage labor relations, collective property, and management of resources, and addressing social inequities.”

Agroecology, is aligned with organic agriculture, ecological intensification, and diversified farming approaches, in emphasizing ecological processes to food production to support biodiversity, ecosystems, human health, and well-being for long-term resilience of food systems. And while organic agriculture includes many agroecological practices, agroecology includes more transformative approaches to the broader food system, including attention to political, sociocultural dimensions, markets and dietary change. See Figure 1. (Bezner Kerr et al., 2023)

Figure 1: Agroecolocial transformations in food systems as a holistic approach

Examples that show the synergistic results of agroecology in terms of climate adaptation and mitigation include agroforestry, organic matter management, integration of livestock and crops, and mangrove silvo-aquaculture systems. Agroforestry provides economic and environmental benefits such as diverse products and foods (e.g. wood and fruit), ecosystem services, livelihoods, household well- being, shelter for livestock and crops, and opportunities to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon. Furthermore, global meta-analyses demonstrate that agroforestry typically stores more soil carbon than conventional agriculture, and reduces the spread of fire. (Bezner Kerr et al., 2023)

CorpoCampo: A forest-friendly açaí model that offers local communities and farmers sustainable livelihoods in Colombia.

The family-owned food company CorpoCampo (Amapuri) in Colombia specializes in the production and distribution of açaí berries* and palm hearts, with products derived from palm trees using agroforestry practices in the Colombian Amazon. The Colombian Amazon region has long been affected by Colombia’s internal conflict, leading to widespread poverty, violence, and illegal coca crop production. The goal of company founder Edgar Montenegro is to improve peoples’ lives by providing a legal and reliable source of income. He therefore only employs vulnerable Afro-Colombian and indigenous communities in areas affected by violence and poverty.

Açaí is a native species of the Amazon region. Corpocampo plants organic crops deriving from palm trees not as mono cropped systems but in agroforestry systems with Amazonian products. By establishing agroforestry systems with native species, Corpocampo contributes to the reforestation of the Amazon forest. Açaí and palm hearts, Corpocampo’s two staple products, only grow in the Amazon and Pacific regions.

To for more information on CorpoCampo (Amapuri), see: https://www.amapuri.com/

CorpoCampo NGO

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After winning the 2018 Oslo Business for Peace Award (CorpoCampo CEO Edgar Montenegro) and joining the UN Development Programme’s Business Call to Action, CorpoCampo created a non-governmental sub-unit, sponsored by international donors: CorpoCampo NGO. In 2019, Corpocampo (NGO) was founded by local farmers that developed a successful business model around palm heart and açaí production. Corpocampo covers 72% of the domestic açaí market and 73% of Colombia’s açaí exports – reaching more than four countries.

Learn more about CorpoCampo CEO Edgar Montenegro at:

https://www.businesscalltoaction.org/member/corpocampo

One of the main socio-environmental problems facing these areas is the loss of forest cover resulting from lack of sustainable alternatives. The main factors that promote deforestation are extensive cattle ranching (including illicit cattle ranching), illegal coca plantations, and illegal timber exploitation.

Through the implementation of rural development programs, CorpoCampo seeks to generate important social, environmental, and economic impacts. By promoting sustainable practices and endemic products, Corpocampo seeks to offer alternatives to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of the Amazon and empower them to protect the environment.

Through the value chain of açaí and other Amazonian fruits, the protection of forests and the recovery of soils are promoted, through the establishment of agroforestry crops. Thus, CorpoCampo contributes to the conservation and construction of territorial peace. Here are examples of Corpo Campo’s current projects:

  • More than 2,000 hectares under Forest Management Plans, to guarantee a sustainable use of the açaí.
  • Establishment of agroforestry agricultural systems with 800 small farmers

CorpoCampo implements agroecological training that can help farmers manage the crop with techniques that are friendly to the environment and their budgets. Thirty-four percent of their current acai producers are women. Their long-term goal is to achieve a 60% participation rate by women. Currently, 4 indigenous communities are participating their programs.

By establishing sustainable agroforestry models, based on native fruit trees, Corpo Campo restores degraded soils in deforested areas. In this way, CorpoCampo offers local communities an economic alternative to improve their income, while helping to mitigate erosion processes and capture more C02.

Açaí berries*

Açaí is a type of fruit whose scientific name is Euterpe Oleracea. Açaí berries stand out for their antioxidant content. They contain pigments called anthocyanins that act as antioxidants.

Here’s an easy recipe for an Açaí Bowl:

Ingredients:

  • 8-ounce packet unsweetened frozen açaí puree
  • 1 medium banana
  • ½ cup blueberries
  • 1 tablespoon honey
  • 3 tablespoons granola
  • 1 tablespoon unsweetened coconut flakes (optional)
  • ½ cup nonfat Greek yogurt

Instructions:

  • Pour water on the frozen açaí puree for a few seconds to break it up.
  • Mix in a blender: the açaí berry puree, half the banana, ¼ cup of the blueberries, the yogurt, and the honey.
  • Stop the blender and stir it from time to time until you have the thickness you want.
  • Pour into a bowl.
  • Use the rest of the fruit, the granola, and the coconut as toppings for your bowl.

Source: WebMD, 2023

For more information on the potential benefits of açaí berries and açaí berry juice, see the following recent articles:

What are the Health Benefits of Acai Berries? (April 2023)

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305576

Acai Berries and Acai Berry Juice – What Are the Health Benefits? (July 2023)

https://www.webmd.com/diet/acai-berries-and-acai-berry-juice-what-are-the-health-benefits

For more information on the benefits of anthocyanins, see the review article titled, “The Therapeutic Potential of Anthocyanins: Current Approaches Based on Their Molecular Mechanism of Action (Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2020)

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.01300/full

Reference

 Bezner Kerr, R, Postigo, JC, Smith, P, et al. Agroecology as a transformative approach to tackle climatic, food, and ecosystemic crises. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2023; 62:101275.

Use of antimicrobial drugs in food animals is accelerating: New research

“A study published in the journal PLOS Global Public Health by researchers from Europe and India used data from 42 countries to estimate global antimicrobial use at 99,502 metric tons (109,682 tons) in 2020. Nearly 60% of that occurred in just five countries: China, Brazil, India, the United States and Australia. Factoring in trends in food animal production and antimicrobial use, the researchers projected that antimicrobial use could rise to 107,472 metric tons (118,468 tons) by 2030 — an 8% increase.”

“Penicillin and other antimicrobial agents have long been used to beat back infections in livestock. But in recent decades farmers have increasingly been using such drugs to bump up healthy animals’ ability to grow bigger and produce milk by preventing infections and altering digestive tract bacteria in a way that makes more nutrients available to the animal. As a result, the use of antimicrobials has skyrocketed — and with it, the risk of microbes’ evolving resistance to them.”

“Demand for animal protein has been rising globally over the past decade. [1]. Meeting this growing demand has been facilitated by the expansion of intensive animal production systems where antimicrobials are used routinely to maintain health and productivity [2]. In 2017, antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals represented 73% of all antimicrobials used worldwide [3], and its use contributes to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) [4]. In animals, AMR can result in treatment failure [5], and thus represents a threat to the long-term sustainability of the animal industry. In humans, drug-resistant infections resulting from veterinary antimicrobial use remains challenging to quantify [6, 7] but may, for certain drug-pathogens combinations, pose a serious threat to human health [8, 9].”

“Monitoring global AMU is essential for tracking progress in addressing the causes of AMR. However, current initiatives are heterogenous across regions. In Europe, the harmonized Surveillance of Veterinary Consumption (ESVAC) report has been in place since 2005, and currently reports data from 31 countries in the European Union (EU) [10]. Outside of the EU, only 9 countries routinely publish national reports on AMU.

Since 2016, the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly the Office International des Epizooties) annually gathers data, on a voluntary basis, from up to 157 countries on their use of antimicrobial agents in animals [11]. However, prior to public release, the country-level data collected as part of these annual surveys is aggregated in five regions (Europe, Africa, Americas, Middle East, and Asia/Far East/Oceania).

Furthermore, the list of countries that contribute data on AMU within each region is not publicly available. As such, this unidentifiability of countries which report to WOAH, and the regional aggregation of national AMU reports, precludes establishing a truly global AMU monitoring system. Firstly, it prevents evaluating the effect of national policies and stewardship efforts on AMU levels. Secondly, the acknowledgment of countries that have successfully reduced AMU might be diluted at regional level if neighboring countries compensate with an increase in AMU. Thirdly, it prevents further epidemiological analyses, such as evaluating a country’s antibiotic footprint using national trade data, which would also benefit from AMU at a national level.

In the absence of national-level data, previous studies have utilised modelling approaches to extrapolate for non-reporting countries using usage data reported by countries for 2010, 2015 and 2017 [2, 3, 12]. However, AMU regulation and policy is a dynamic landscape. In 2021, for the first time, the population-weighted mean antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals was lower than in humans in the EU/EEA [13]. This reduction of AMU in food-producing animals could be explained by policies and stewardship efforts [14, 15].

For example, in Nordic countries antimicrobials can only be obtained by veterinarian’s prescription, who should follow guidelines on antimicrobial treatments of animals (when to treat, dosage, administration route etc.), and who are not allowed to make a profit from their sales [16], decentivising (over)use of antimicrobials. However, policies governing AMU in animal production in other continents still vary widely between countries [17]. Brazil—the largest meat exporter in the world—still largely lacks a legal framework on the use of antimicrobials [18]. In contrast, other major meat producers such as China have recently implemented strategies for reducing AMU and in 2017 banned colistin as a feed additive [19]. Therefore, global estimates of antimicrobial use in animals need to be regularly revised, and new trends must be interpreted in light of this ever-changing regulatory landscape.”

In this study, “Data on usage of antimicrobials in food animals were collected from 42 countries. Multivariate regression models were used in combination with projections of animal counts for cattle, sheep, chicken, and pigs from the Food and Agriculture Organization to estimate global antimicrobial usage of veterinary antimicrobials in 2020 and 2030. Maps of animal densities were used to identify geographic hotspots of antimicrobial use. In each country, estimates of antimicrobial use (tonnes) were calibrated to match continental-level reports of antimicrobial use intensity (milligrams per kilogram of animal) from the World Organization for Animal Health, as well as country-level reports of antimicrobial use from countries that made this information publicly available.

“Globally, antimicrobial usage was estimated at 99,502 tonnes (95% CI 68,535–198,052) in 2020 and is projected, based on current trends, to increase by 8.0% to 107,472 tonnes (95% CI: 75,927–202,661) by 2030. Hotspots of antimicrobial use were overwhelmingly in Asia (67%), while <1% were in Africa. Findings indicate higher global antimicrobial usage in 2030 compared to prior projections that used data from 2017; this is likely associated with an upward revision of antimicrobial use in Asia/Oceania (~6,000 tonnes) and the Americas (~4,000 tonnes). “

See the Figure below for a map of antimicrobial consumption per country in 2020 and 2030.

Figure. Antimicrobial consumption per country in 2020 and 2030. Circles are proportional to quantity of antimicrobials used. Red circles correspond to the quantity used in 2020, and the outer dark red ring corresponds to the projected increase in consumption in consumption in 2030.

The authors concluded that: “National-level reporting of antimicrobial use should be encouraged to better evaluate the impact of national policies on antimicrobial use levels.”

One Health Approach to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance

Prime Minister Mottley of Barbados recently hosted the seventh Meeting of the Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, or AMR.

At this international meeting, it was articulated that, “To protect human, animal, planetary and economic health, we must address AMR head on through a One Health approach.”

One Health is an approach to designing and implementing programs, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes. The One Health approach is critical to addressing health threats in the animal-human-environment interface (WHO, 2023).

The areas of work in which a One Health approach is particularly relevant include:

  • food safety
  • control of zoonotic diseases
  • laboratory services
  • neglected tropical diseases
  • environmental health
  • antimicrobial resistance.

As reported in a recent review article by Dr. Matthew Hayek, Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies at New York University (Hayek, 2022), “Infectious diseases originating from animals (zoonotic diseases) have emerged following deforestation from agriculture. Agriculture can reduce its land use through intensification, i.e., improving resource use efficiency. However, intensive management often confines animals and their wastes, which also fosters disease emergence. Therefore, rising demand for animal-sourced foods creates a “trap” of zoonotic disease risks: extensive land use on one hand or intensive animal management on the other.”

“Not all intensification poses disease risks; some methods avoid confinement and improve animal health. However, these “win-win” improvements alone cannot satisfy rising meat demand, particularly for chicken and pork. Intensive poultry and pig production entails greater antibiotic use, confinement, and animal populations than beef production. Shifting from beef to chicken consumption mitigates climate emissions, but this common strategy neglects zoonotic disease risks.” Preventing zoonotic diseases requires 1) international coordination to reduce the high demand for animal-sourced foods, 2) improvement of forest conservation governance, and 3) selectively intensifying the lowest-producing ruminant animal systems without confinement.” (Hayek, 2022)

“Now, as we look down the road to the UN General Assembly 2024 High-level meeting on AMR, there are three key areas in which we can accelerate action.” The three areas include:

One, making the economic case for fighting AMR.

The many impacts of AMR damage the global economy. The Global South is hit hardest. If decision makers understand the costs, they can be motivated to act.

Two, pushing R&D on prevention.

While R&D is needed to advance the antibiotics pipeline, prevention is key. Stronger engagement with industry and specific regulatory changes can boost R&D on keeping antimicrobials effective, rather than just racing to stay ahead of resistance with new drugs.

Three, increasing funding.

More coordinated action needs increased and predictable funding. The Bridgetown Initiative to reform the international development financial architecture can make a positive difference to developing nations. Opportunities are being explored through the GEF and the Pandemic Fund. Other ways to mobilize funding include realigning incentives, public-private collaboration and eliminating harmful subsidies in agriculture. (WHO, 2023)

References

Mulchandani R, Wang Y, Gilbert M, Van Boeckel TP. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: 2020 to 2030. PLOS Global Public Health 2023;3(2): e0001305.  https://lnkd.in/g-wWCAyi

Hoff M. Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Food Animals is Accelerating. Here are suggestions for correcting that trend. Ensia. July 6, 2023. Available at: https://ensia.com/notable/antimicrobial-drugs-food-animals-farming-human-health/

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). One Health approach to tackle antimicrobial resistance. July 3, 2023. Available at: https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/one-health-approach-tackle-antimicrobial-resistance

World Health Organization (WHO). One Health. Accessed July 6, 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/initiatives/one-health#:~:text=One%20Health%20is%20an%20approach,animal%2Dhuman%2Denvironment%20interface.

Hayek, M. The infectious disease trap of animal agriculture (review). Science Advances. 2022;8(44): DOI:10.1126/sciadv.add6681

World Health Organization (WHO). Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (‎GLASS)‎ report: 2022. December 9, 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062702

Mapping the conflict between agriculture and biodiversity: New research

“Demand for food products, often from international trade, has brought agricultural land use into direct competition with biodiversity. Where these potential conflicts occur, and which consumers are responsible is poorly understood.” In a recent study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) (2023), by combining conservation priority maps (CP) with agricultural trade data, researchers estimated the current potential conservation risk hotspots driven by 197 countries across 48 agricultural products (Hoang et al., 2023)

“The study ranks which commodities are sourced from regions with high priority for conservation. While previous studies have quantified the carbon, land, and water footprints of the agriculture industry, the threats to biodiversity and ecosystems from farming are poorly understood and thus often omitted. The new results are expected to assist with the formation of policies that protect biodiversity while preserving global food security.” (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2023)

The authors found that: “Globally, a third of agricultural production occurs in sites of high CP (CP > 0.75, max = 1.0). While cattle, maize [corn], rice, and soybean pose the greatest threat to very high-CP sites, other low-conservation risk products (e.g., sugar beet, pearl millet, and sunflower) currently are less likely to be grown in sites of agriculture–conservation conflict.” Furthermore, the authors’ analysis suggests that a commodity can cause dissimilar conservation threats in different production regions.” (Hoang et al., 2023)

Beef, rice and soy biggest footprint

“The international research team, with members from Norway, the Netherlands and Japan, divided agricultural areas into four tiers, based on their conservation priority, from lowest to highest. They then determined which individual agricultural commodities were produced in these different priority levels. See Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. The map shows the land use and conservation priority index for major agricultural commodities. The grid cells are colored according to the dominant crop grown, and the intensity of the color, from lighter to darker shades, indicates the conservation priority of each cell. Credit: Hoang et al. 2023

“The researchers found that about one-third of all farming occurs in areas that were considered highest conservation priority. One pattern that emerged was that some staple commodities, such as beef, rice, and soybeans, tended to be produced in high conservation priority areas. At the same time, other substitutes, such as barley and wheat, were predominantly sourced from lower risk areas.”

“A surprising takeaway for me was how much the impact of the same crop can vary based on where it is sourced from,” said Daniel Moran, a senior scientist at the Climate and Environmental Institute NILU and a research professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology’s (NTNU) Industrial Ecology Program who was also a co-author of the study.

Beef and soybeans, for example, are grown in high conservation priority areas in Brazil but not in North America. Similarly, wheat is grown in lower conservation priority areas in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe.” (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2023)

International trade a factor

“Coffee and cocoa are primarily grown in high conservation priority areas in equatorial nations, but these cash crops are largely consumed in richer nations like the United States and members of the European Union, the researchers’ model showed. At the global level, China, with its high demand for multiple commodities, has the biggest influence on food production in high priority conservation areas.”

“The study also illustrated how different nations can have sharply different biodiversity food footprints. The United States, EU, China, and Japan all depend heavily on imports to satisfy their demand for beef and dairy. In Japan, more than one-quarter of the beef and dairy consumed in that country comes from high conservation priority areas. For the other regions, that number is closer to just ten percent.”

“That suggests there are opportunities to change the biodiversity footprint of food consumption by simply changing our sourcing of food products,” said Kanemoto.

“While it’s well known that cattle, soybean, and palm oil are farmed in high conservation priority areas, the study found that other commodities, including corn, sugarcane, and rubber, are also problematic and deserve more attention from policymakers.” (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2023)

Effects of climate change

“The changing climate is expected to alter both cropping patterns and available habitats. The research team used their model to look at different scenarios to see how the interaction between wild biodiversity and farming would change under predicted 2070 temperatures.

Species are likely to colonize new territories in a warmer world, which could result in the emergence of new high conservation priority areas or mitigate conflicts in current conservation hotspots.”

“While the researchers did not produce a detailed map forecasting future conflicts between agriculture and conservation, the paper’s supporting information offers some estimates of future competition under a range of scenarios.

“Our spatial approach is a valuable complementary method with other standard techniques to evaluate the impact agriculture has on biodiversity. The knowledge gained from our study should help reduce the trade-off many nations associate with agriculture production and environmental protection,” said Kanemoto. “It fills in a big missing piece in the footprint of food.”

“Our lifestyles are causing alarming damage to the atmosphere and water supplies. Farmers and governments worldwide are seeking policies that sustain prosperity while minimizing irreversible harm to the environment. Similar sustainable development policies are needed for agriculture. The calculation of detailed footprints for food and other farmed commodities is crucial to support these policies,” Moran said.” (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2023)

The results can be viewed in an interactive map at: https://agriculture.spatialfootprint.com/biodiversity.

References

Hoang, Nguyen Tien et al., Mapping potential conflicts between global agriculture and terrestrial conservation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208376120. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2208376120

Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Mapping the conflict between farming and biodiversity. Phys.Org. May 29, 2023. Available at: https://phys.org/news/2023-05-conflict-farming-biodiversity.amp?fbclid=IwAR0Y_Ju46F9v3M5OQgHnfvx-cewI0gPU1Qab7lGpfcfOnODOtW2mxgRfkB8

Pathways for Food Systems Transformation: New report

On the planet’s current trajectory, emissions from food systems alone will exceed 1.5°C between 2051-2063. A new report from the Food Systems Partnership – Pathways for food systems transformation – calls for food and agriculture to be central to global climate dialogue and negotiations. The report was launched on the fourth day of the Bonn Climate Change Conference (SB58) (8 June 2023), and is expected to lay the groundwork for the negotiations at the COP28 climate summit in Dubai later this year. See Figure 1 below for an overview of the six critical pathways needed for food systems transformation.

Figure 1: Six critical pathways for food systems transformation

Adopting a food systems approach

“The update to the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture negotiated at COP27 saw, for the first time, the inclusion of the term ‘food systems’ in the final text.” The Bonn Climate Change Conference (SB58) established itself as the next milestone in the run up to the Global Stocktaking moment and COP28, where Parties and non-party stakeholders can accelerate a food systems approach to address interconnected climate, health and economic challenges.

“The WWF [World Wildlife Fund] submission on the updated Sharm-El Sheikh Joint Work on Agriculture (the successor to the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture) makes the case for anchoring a food systems approach in the Joint Work and provides a series of arguments for how embedding such an approach would help in delivering its objectives.” By adopting a food systems approach, The Food Systems Partnership calls on the outcomes of the SB58, COP28 and beyond to support the role of food systems in achieving climate targets through the proposed ‘Six critical pathways for food systems transformation.’

“The newly formed Food Systems Partnership, which includes EIT Food, the Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), Clim-Eat, Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), Carrier and Coalition of Action for Soil Health (CA4SH), evolved from the first ever Food Systems Pavilion which hosted two weeks of programming at COP27 and campaigned for the inclusion of a food systems approach within the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture.”

“The Pathways report synthesizes key findings from national action plans, analysis of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and assessments from leading food organisations including WWF, the Global Alliance for the Future of Food and the Food and Land Use Coalition. While there has been a positive trend in the recognition of food systems as part of national climate solutions, the studies reveal that most countries are yet to realize the full potential of including and implementing action on food systems in their climate strategies and action plans. “

“Despite food and agriculture being recognized as the largest sources of environmental degradation, there is no mention of food or food systems in any of the four Global Goals for 2050 outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework launched at CBD COP15 in November last year.”

Within the report, various countries are highlighted in the different pathways necessary for food systems transformation. Pathway 1: Enhance – collaboration and inclusion across all parts of our food system (Colombia and Canada), Pathway 2: Enable – a transition to healthy, nutritious and sustainable diets for all (Costa Rica), Pathway 3: Embrace – agricultural reform and nature-positive production (Liberia), Pathway 4: Increase – action against food waste and loss (The Gambia), Pathway 5: Transform – financial mechanisms to support sustainable, equitable food systems (Germany) and Pathway 6: Champion – consistent, accurate monitoring to track global progress on implementation.

Pathway 6: Champion

Numerous parties including national governments and the private sector must CHAMPION consistent, accurate monitoring and reporting to track global progress on implementation of food system transformation.

“There are presently a number of challenges around accurately measuring and conveying progress on the implementation of country NDCs [Nationally Determined Contributions], and therefore global efforts to monitor food systems emissions and stay within the critical threshold of 1.5°C. One key component is that emissions associated with imported food products represent a considerable portion of a country’s ‘attributable’ GHG emissions, yet remain unaccounted for in policy or decision-making. As it stands, no country’s NDC fully accounts for emissions associated with food imports. Policy change in relation to ‘offshoring emissions’, tracking externalities, and accounting for the environmental, social and health impacts of food systems policies and practices requires new mindsets, tools and methodologies.

“We know that food systems transformation is already happening with positive climate, health and socio-economic impacts, and this work needs to feature more deliberately in action plans. Consistent, accurate ‘stocktaking’ provides valuable evidence of how local, regional, and national food systems initiatives are contributing to climate action, nutrition security and health, as well as resilience, biodiversity restoration, and economic empowerment.” COP28 will be a key milestone, both to recognize progress and achievement and to provide momentum and focus for the next phase of action on food systems.

References

Pathways for Food Systems Transformation. Food Systems Partnership. June 8, 2023. Available at: https://foodsystemspavilion.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Pathways-for-food-systems-transformation-report.pdf

International Day for Biological Diversity: Moving from Agreement to Action

May 22nd is the International Day for Biological Diversity. This year’s International Day for Biological Diversity is an especially significant one. “To Build Back Biodiversity, we must move from Agreement to Action.” We must implement the Framework and deliver on the promises for 2030 that are encapsulated in its 23 targets.

Much must be done if we are to address the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss:

  • All governments must not only develop their national targets but put in place the laws, policies and programmes necessary to achieve them.
  • Businesses need to assess and disclose impacts and pivot towards sustainable practices.
  • The efforts of indigenous peoples and local communities in protecting biodiversity must be recognized and protected.
  • We all need to reduce waste and shift to more sustainable consumption.
  • And we need to raise the necessary finance to facilitate these actions, reform subsidies and align major investment flows with the goals and targets of the Framework.

“We need a whole-of-government, whole-of society approach. Everyone must be engaged. Everyone must be involved.”

Here are seven steps you can take to protect biodiversity every day: 1) buy organic and sustainably-produced foods whenever possible; 2) eat a sustainable diet (e.g., vegan, vegetarian, planetary health diet, flexitarian); 3) reduce food and packaging waste; 4) reduce, reuse, and recycle; 5) use environmentally-friendly cleaning products; 6) reduce use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers – research shows that organic agricultural practices are best at protecting pollinators; and 7) start composting. Protecting biodiversity is also important for addressing climate change and creating climate resilience in the food supply.

Source: Keesing F. Diet for a small footprint. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2022;119(17) e2204241119. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2204241119

References:

22 May 2023: International Biodiversity Day: From Agreement to Action: Build Back Biodiversity. Conventional on Biological Diversity. May 2023. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/article/idb2023

How does biodiversity impact food security? Zurich Magazine. January 13, 2023. Available at: https://www.zurich.com/en/media/magazine/2021/food-for-thought-what-biodiversity-means-to-you#:~:text=Put%20simply%2C%20less%20biodiversity%20means,feed%20our%20ever%2Dgrowing%20population

Why are bees so important for biodiversity? Zurich Magazine. May 17, 2023. Available at: https://www.zurich.com/media/magazine/2023/why-are-bees-so-important-for-biodiversity

European Environment Agency. How pesticides impact human health and ecosystems in Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency. April 26, 2023. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/how-pesticides-impact-human-health

Rigal S, et al. Farmland practices are driving bird population decline across Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2023;120 (21) e2216573120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216573120

Keesing F. Diet for a small footprint. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2022;119(17) e2204241119. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2204241119

Wintermantel, D, Odoux, J-F, Chadœuf, J, Bretagnolle, V. Organic farming positively affects honeybee colonies in a flower-poor period in agricultural landscapes. J Appl Ecol. 2019;  56: 1960– 1969. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13447

Romain C. Ekroos J, Henrik G. et al. Organic farming supports spatiotemporal stability in species richness of bumblebees and butterflies. Biological Conservation, 2018; 227: 48 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.022